Egypt Day 5

It was the fifth day of my journey in the great land of Ancient Egypt. Just yesterday, I got to visit the Great Pyramids of Khufu which was an amazing experience. The inside of the pyramid was amazing with all the artwork on the walls and I actually got to see the actual tomb of the great King Khufu who was the builder of The Great Pyramid Of Giza. Now I get to go visit a special place to watch the great Pharaoh.

Mummification

Who was mummified?

The person that I researched who was mummified was a pharaoh called Ramesses II.

Why were they mummified?

People believed that a new life began in the after a person dies. They were also mummified to preserve their delicate bodies. Human mummification was also related to beliefs concerning the afterlife and was undertaken to safeguard the fate of the soul.

Steps of Mummification

Mummies were made by embalming - this process varied according to the social status of the deceased.

Embalming Process 

1.    First, his body is taken to the place of purification. There the embalmers wash his body with good smelling palm wine and then rinse the body with water from the Nile. 

1.       

    One of the embalmer's men makes a cut in the left side of the body and removes many of the internal organs. It is important to remove these because they are the first part of the body to decompose.

1.    The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and packed in natron which will dry them out. The heart is not taken out of the body because it is the centre of intelligence and feeling and the man will need it in the afterlife.

1.    A long hook is used to smash the brain and pull it out through the nose. 

1.    The body is now covered and stuffed with natron which will dry it out. All of the fluids, and rags from the embalming process will be saved and buried along with the body.

1.    After forty days the body is washed again with water from the Nile. Then it is covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic.

The dehydrated internal organs are wrapped in linen and returned to the body. The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust, leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike.

Finally the body is covered again with good-smelling oils. It is now ready to be wrapped in linen.

In the past, when the internal organs were removed from a body they were placed in hollow canopic jars.

Over many years the embalming practices changed and embalmers began returning internal organs to bodies after the organs had been dried in natron. However, solid wood or stone canopic jars were still buried with the mummy to symbolically protect the internal organs.

Imsety the human-headed god looks after the liver. Hapy the baboon-headed god looks after the lungs. Duamutef the jackal-headed god looks after the stomach. Qebehsenuef the falcon-headed god looks after the intestines.

Wrapping Process

First the head and neck are wrapped with strips of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes are individually wrapped. 

The arms and legs are wrapped separately. Between the layers of wrapping, the embalmers place amulets to protect the body in its journey through the underworld.

A priest reads spells out loud while the mummy is being wrapped. These spells will help ward off evil spirits and help the deceased make the journey to the afterlife.

 The arms and legs are tied together. A papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is placed between the wrapped hands.

More linen strips are wrapped around the body. At every layer, the bandages are painted with liquid resin that helps to glue the bandages together.

 A cloth is wrapped around the body and a picture of the god Osiris is painted on its surface.

Finally, a large cloth is wrapped around the entire mummy. It is attached with strips of linen that run from the top to the bottom of the mummy, and around its middle.

A board of painted wood is placed on top of the mummy before the mummy is lowered into its coffin. The first coffin is then put inside a second coffin.

The funeral is held for the deceased and his family mourns his death.Finally, the body and its coffins are placed inside a large stone sarcophagus in the tomb. Furniture, clothing, valuable objects, food and drink are arranged in the tomb for the deceased.

A ritual called the 'Opening of the Mouth' is performed, allowing the deceased to eat and drink again.

Now his body is ready for its journey through the underworld. There his heart will be judged by his good deeds on earth. If his heart is found to be pure he will be sent to live for all eternity in the beautiful 'Field of Reeds'. 

Egypt Day 4

It was the fourth day of my journey in the great land of ancient Egypt.  The servant of the pharaoh told me to go visit the great pyramids of Giza. He said it was the best place he has ever been to. The Great Pyramid Of Khufu (Giza)

The Buried Pharaoh

Khufu was the second pharoah in the 4^th dynasty and was known as King Khufu (Khnum-Khufu) which meant the god Khnum protects me.

Burial Process

Even though mummy cases were not used during the reign of Khufu but he was still mummified nonetheless because the mummification process took place in his time. At the time of Khufu’s reign, he did not have a mummy case but instead he had a really small coffer which is quite different to the mummification process for other rulers of ancient Egypt.

Inside a Pyramid

Inside the great pyramid, there are many chambers but the most important chambers are the queen and kings chambers which contain the valuables of the previous rulers of ancient Egypt. An interesting fact about the chambers are that the Lower chamber use to be the original burial chamber but later King Khufu changed his mind and he wanted it higher up in the pyramid.

There are many levels in a pyramid; the very top level is for the pharaoh or the ruler of Egypt.

The second level is for noble people and significant people just below the ruler.

The third level is for other important officials like war commanders but is not as important as priests.

The fourth level is for skilled workers like doctors, merchants and jewellery makers.

The fifth level is for farmers and unskilled workers like slaves and servants and people who fought in the army.

The sixth and final level is for the out casts like criminals, beggars and mummifiers who all were considered to be a part of society.

Egypt Day 3

Before I left the farm, the servant told me to go to the Ancient Temple of Ra. When I went on my boat I used the servant’s instructions to the ancient temple of Ra who was known as the father of all Gods. He told me that Ra was the universally-worshipped king of the gods. Ra also has a symbol in hieroglyphics which I stuck below. 

Ra- Father of All Creation

Ra has many names like Re Patron of: the sun, heaven, kingship, power, light. The appearance of Ra normally looks like a pharaoh wearing the sun disk on his head. Ra was worshipped widely throughout Egypt, Ra was the main sun god for centuries. Ra was generally considered as a male. Ra was worshipped in many ways using hymns, prayers and spells to help Ra and the sun boat over come Apep. Ra’s symbol is a sun disk. A power that the Egyptians believed Ra possessed was that he created the world. Ra was thought to travel on two solar boats called Mandjet

( The boat of millions of years )or the morning boat and the Mesektet or the evening boat. These boats took him on his journey through the sky and the underworld. He is equal second with threeother gods on the hierarchy. Ra’s role in the afterlife is the solar vision, in which the deceased soul travelled with Ra on his daily journey, was still primarily associated with royalty, but could extend to other people as well.

Egypt Day 2

The servant had lead me to one of the great farms of ancient Egypt.  I met on of the farmers that worked there and he explained to me many things about the way they planted the crops and bred the animals and how most of the things they grew went to the Pharaoh.  

The Farm

On the farm there were many animals that had many uses like using oxen to pull ploughs but they also had animals like pigs for food but also sheep for making clothes using the wool.

The farmers themselves were peasants and they used the fertile soil to plant their crops.

The farmers used many tools that were simple but useful like ploughs, and sickles. They also used a shaduf which they used to collect their water source for their crops, thewater came straight from The Nile. It would require only one person to lift the water out of the Nile into a clay container. The Egyptians would use these clay pots to carry all sorts of things including water.

Egyptian farmers grew many crops that differed from each other, but the all the good stuff that was harvested must be given to the Pharaoh. They grew things like grain and other products. The grain was used to make beer, bread and other grain products.